Go语言指南

安装

配置

设置代理

加快 go 相关包的下载

七牛云

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go env -w GO111MODULE=on # 启用模块
go env -w GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn,direct # 加快go模块下载速度

GOPATH（可选）

设置 go 家目录：添加 GOPATH 环境变量

Linux：

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echo 'export GOPATH=~/codespace/goProjects' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

在 GOPATH 目录下，通常有三个子目录：

src: 存放源代码。
pkg: 存放编译后的包。
bin: 存放 go 下载的可执行文件。

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cd ~/codespace/goProjects
mkdir -p $GOPATH/src $GOPATH/pkg $GOPATH/bin

为了方便使用 Go 下载的可执行文件，将 $GOPATH/bin 加入到PATH 中（如 ~/.bashrc 或 ~/.zshrc）：

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# 适用于unix系统 bash环境
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

文件

Go 语言提供文件处理的标准库提供了：

os：与操作系统的交互实现
io：读写文件 io 操作
fs：文件系统的抽象

打开

os 库提供了两个函数

Open：返回一个文件指针和一个错误
OpenFile：对 Open 的封转，增加了更多粒度的控制

os.Open()

定义

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// Open opens the named file for reading. If successful, methods on
// the returned file can be used for reading; the associated file
// descriptor has mode O_RDONLY.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func Open(name string) (*File, error) {
	return OpenFile(name, O_RDONLY, 0)
}

示例

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func open() {
	file, err := os.Open("README.md")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	defer file.Close()
	fmt.Println(file)
}

os.OpenFile()

定义

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// OpenFile is the generalized open call; most users will use Open
// or Create instead. It opens the named file with specified flag
// (O_RDONLY etc.). If the file does not exist, and the O_CREATE flag
// is passed, it is created with mode perm (before umask). If successful,
// methods on the returned File can be used for I/O.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func OpenFile(name string, flag int, perm FileMode) (*File, error) {
	testlog.Open(name)
	f, err := openFileNolog(name, flag, perm)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	f.appendMode = flag&O_APPEND != 0

	return f, nil
}

flag 表示描述符，可选的有

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// Flags to OpenFile wrapping those of the underlying system. Not all
// flags may be implemented on a given system.
const (
	// Exactly one of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, or O_RDWR must be specified.
	O_RDONLY int = syscall.O_RDONLY // open the file read-only.
	O_WRONLY int = syscall.O_WRONLY // open the file write-only.
	O_RDWR   int = syscall.O_RDWR   // open the file read-write.
	// The remaining values may be or'ed in to control behavior.
	O_APPEND int = syscall.O_APPEND // append data to the file when writing.
	O_CREATE int = syscall.O_CREAT  // create a new file if none exists.
	O_EXCL   int = syscall.O_EXCL   // used with O_CREATE, file must not exist.
	O_SYNC   int = syscall.O_SYNC   // open for synchronous I/O.
	O_TRUNC  int = syscall.O_TRUNC  // truncate regular writable file when opened.
)

perm 表示文件的权限，可选有

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const (
   ModeDir        = fs.ModeDir        // d: 目录
   ModeAppend     = fs.ModeAppend     // a: 只能添加
   ModeExclusive  = fs.ModeExclusive  // l: 专用
   ModeTemporary  = fs.ModeTemporary  // T: 临时文件
   ModeSymlink    = fs.ModeSymlink    // L: 符号链接
   ModeDevice     = fs.ModeDevice     // D: 设备文件
   ModeNamedPipe  = fs.ModeNamedPipe  // p: 具名管道 (FIFO)
   ModeSocket     = fs.ModeSocket     // S: Unix 域套接字
   ModeSetuid     = fs.ModeSetuid     // u: setuid
   ModeSetgid     = fs.ModeSetgid     // g: setgid
   ModeCharDevice = fs.ModeCharDevice // c: Unix 字符设备, 前提是设置了 ModeDevice
   ModeSticky     = fs.ModeSticky     // t: 黏滞位
   ModeIrregular  = fs.ModeIrregular  // ?: 非常规文件

   // 类型位的掩码. 对于常规文件而言，什么都不会设置.
   ModeType = fs.ModeType

   ModePerm = fs.ModePerm // Unix 权限位, 0o777
)

示例

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func openFile() {
	// 指定只读的方法打开，权限为 0644
	file, err := os.OpenFile("README.md", os.O_RDONLY, 0644)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(file)
}

读取

打开文件后，就可以读取文件内容了

有以下方法可以读取文件

文件对象.Read()
文件对象.ReadAt()
os.ReadFile()
io.ReadAll()

文件对象.Read()

定义

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// Read reads up to len(b) bytes from the File and stores them in b.
// It returns the number of bytes read and any error encountered.
// At end of file, Read returns 0, io.EOF.
func (f *File) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
	if err := f.checkValid("read"); err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	n, e := f.read(b)
	return n, f.wrapErr("read", e)
}

写入

结构体

定义

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type struct_name struct {
  member1 datatype;
  member2 datatype;
  member3 datatype;
  ...
}

案例：

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type Person struct {
  name string
  age int
  job string
  salary int
}

访问

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package main
import ("fmt")

type Person struct {
  name string
  age int
  job string
  salary int
}

func main() {
  var pers1 Person
  var pers2 Person

  // Pers1 specification
  pers1.name = "Hege"
  pers1.age = 45
  pers1.job = "Teacher"
  pers1.salary = 6000

  // Pers2 specification
  pers2.name = "Cecilie"
  pers2.age = 24
  pers2.job = "Marketing"
  pers2.salary = 4500

  // Access and print Pers1 info
  fmt.Println("Name: ", pers1.name)
  fmt.Println("Age: ", pers1.age)
  fmt.Println("Job: ", pers1.job)
  fmt.Println("Salary: ", pers1.salary)

  // Access and print Pers2 info
  fmt.Println("Name: ", pers2.name)
  fmt.Println("Age: ", pers2.age)
  fmt.Println("Job: ", pers2.job)
  fmt.Println("Salary: ", pers2.salary)
}